Résumé: Developmental effects of a binary mixture of nanoparticles (NPs) composed of Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) were identified in Daphnia magna using a chronic toxicity test.Survival, growth, reproduction, and age at first brood were measured throughout 21 days of exposure.Results from this study demonstrated that mixture exposure to NPs (TiO2 and Fe2O3) significantlyaffects the development of D. magna to maturation and disturbs the reproductive performance in adose-dependent manner and beginning from the lower dose. Mortality recorded in control group(1 ± 0.365) was significantly lower than in experimental groups (6.94 ± 0.193, 7.19 ± 0.188,7.62 ± 0.125, 7.62 ± 0.155 individual, in C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively). Moreover, swimmingperformances (F4, 35 = 112.9, df = 4, p < 0.0001) and heart rate (F4, 25 = 19.37, df = 4, p < 0.0001)were also affected. In conclusion, the interaction of binary mixtures can exacerbate toxicologicaleffects that have significant implications for appropriately assessing the ecotoxicological effects ofemerging pollutants. Further investigation and the results reported in the present study will be usefulin environmental policies.

Résumé: Introduction: Breast cancer is a complex disease caused by a variety of factors. Although substantial study has been conducted to uncover several risk factors, it is vital to emphasize that the causes extend beyond environmental impacts and include nutritional considerations. Objective: The purpose of this research is to look at the dietary factors that lead to the development of breast cancer in women living in Algeria's Annaba region. The study included 250 breast cancer patients and 363 healthy women as controls. The patients were drawn from the CLCC's medical oncology department (CHU Ibn Rochd) in the Annaba Wilaya, while the control group consisted of people who had never been diagnosed with cancer before. Results: the study's findings indicate that particular diets may contribute to the prevalence of this illness among women in the study area. These include the consumption of various types of bread, flour-based bread, wheat-based pasta, wheat-based galette, barley-based galette, rice, fruit and vegetables, dried fruit, olive oil, coffee and green tea, potatoes (fried/chips), various pastries, white sugar, and various types of chocolate. Conclusion: The link between breast cancer risk and dietary products has been established, although protective and specific risk factors warrant additional investigation. Keywords: Breast cancer, Risk factors, Dietary factors, Oncology.

Résumé: ABSTRACT: Introduction: Living organisms inhabiting soil are exposed to various fluctuations in abiotic factors, as well as chemical contamination of the environment due to anthropogenic activities. Consequently, these organisms have to cope with multiple disturbances. Small particles, especially nanoparticles, are increasingly incorporated into everyday consumer products and may even exist in the environment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) on Helix aspersa, a pollution bioindicator, and compare their effects Methods: The treatment involved the oral administration of increasing doses (1 mg/g, 2 mg/g, and 3 mg/g) of nano-TiO2 and micro-TiO2 in the diet for four weeks. The hepatopancreas was used to analyze variations through the exchange of primary metabolites (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and histological modifications. Results: The results indicated that both treatments caused a disruption of primary metabolite metabolism with a decrease in total carbohydrates and lipids, and an increase in total proteins. The increase in protein levels was higher in those treated with micro-TiO2. The histological study revealed that TiO2 NPs and MPs induced dose-dependent very serious tissue damage, including necrosis, degeneration of connective tissue and tubular membranes, inflammations, inflammatory infiltrates, and lysis of different tubular cells. Conclusions: Although the effects of nanoparticles are more pronounced than those of microparticles, it can be concluded that metal oxides are toxic substances that can induce metabolic disturbances, and their accumulation may lead to tissue damage.

Résumé: The goal of this research is to highlight food additives in the formulations of food supplements consumed by cancer patients. It is a survey conducted at the Cancer treatment center in Annaba to collect a list of food supplements used by these patients. Following a screening of their ingredients for incorporated food additives, which we then classified according to the degree of toxicity, these supplements were classified according to their origin (local or imported). Our findings show that these various groups of dietary supplements contain a variety of food additives with varying degrees of toxicity, such as colorants (E422), acidity regulators (E330), preservatives (E202), stabilizers (E420i), emulsifiers (E322), conditioning agents (E460), thickeners (E441), and so on.

Résumé: Consumption of drinks remains a controversial issue for public health. For more than 50 years, potential adverse reactions to additives have been suggested, but data to date are conflicting. The purpose of this article is to provide an approach to the health threat by inventorying the food additives used in 304 local and imported drinks sold in the Algerian market and classifying them according to their toxicity. In second time, survey population destinated to 1200 subjects to evaluate their drink consumption and health problems. The results show that the inventoried drinks contain many food additives, mostly consisting of dyes. Toxic and very toxic additives are incorporated in local products, while moderately toxic additives are present in imported ones. Children consume mostly soft drinks and juices and suffer from hyperactivity, gastro-intestinal disorders, and food allergies. Adults suffer from gastro-intestinal disorders, obesity, food allergies, and diabetes. This study provides a broad overview of available scientific knowledge and cites numerous studies on various aspects of drinks and their implications for health safety. Particular attention is given to ingredients, including artificial flavorings, colorings, and preservatives, and to the lesser known risks of microbiological and chemical contamination during processing and storage.

Résumé: Dans cette étude nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évaluation de l’impact des nanoparticules de silice fumée (SiO2) sur un organisme bioaccumulateur, bioindicateur de pollution de l’environnement et un indicateur d’état sanitaire des sols, le gastéropode Helix aspersa suite à une exposition via la nourriture. La toxicité des NPs de silice est déterminée chez l'escargot Helix aspersa grâce aux expérimentations réalisées au sein du laboratoire sur des escargots partagés en quatre lots : un lot considéré comme témoin et trois autres traités par des doses croissantes de nanoparticules de silice fumée de 250, 500 et 750 µg/g de nourriture (farine de blé) pendant quatre semaines. Le stress oxydatif a été évalué par le biais d’un suivi de l’activité de certains biomarqueurs biochimiques et enzymatiques : GSH, GST, GPx et CAT dans les tissus hépatopancréatiques et rénaux et un dosage des protéines totales a également été effectué. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la présence des nanoparticules de silice dans la nourriture de H. aspersa provoque des modifications des paramètres testés dont une augmentation du taux des protéines totales. Nos données révèlent une diminution du taux du GSH ainsi que de l’activité de la CAT et de la GPx, parallèlement à l’observation d’une augmentation de l’activité de la GST au niveau de l’hépatopancréas et du rein. Les perturbations notées sont relativement plus significatives au niveau de l’hépatopancréas qu’au niveau du rein. Nos résultats montrent un état de stress oxydatif chez H. aspersa exprimé par le déclenchement du système de lutte contre le stress oxydatif à travers les biomarqueurs de cette réaction métabolique.

Résumé: Dans cette étude nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évaluation de l’impact des nanoparticules de silice fumée (SiO2) sur un organisme bioaccumulateur, bioindicateur de pollution de l’environnement et un indicateur d’état sanitaire des sols, le gastéropode Helix aspersa suite à une exposition via la nourriture. La toxicité des NPs de silice est déterminée chez l'escargot Helix aspersa grâce aux expérimentations réalisées au sein du laboratoire sur des escargots partagés en quatre lots : un lot considéré comme témoin et trois autres traités par des doses croissantes de nanoparticules de silice fumée de 250, 500 et 750 µg/g de nourriture (farine de blé) pendant quatre semaines. Le stress oxydatif a été évalué par le biais d’un suivi de l’activité de certains biomarqueurs biochimiques et enzymatiques : GSH, GST, GPx et CAT dans les tissus hépatopancréatiques et rénaux et un dosage des protéines totales a également été effectué. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la présence des nanoparticules de silice dans la nourriture de H. aspersa provoque des modifications des paramètres testés dont une augmentation du taux des protéines totales. Nos données révèlent une diminution du taux du GSH ainsi que de l’activité de la CAT et de la GPx, parallèlement à l’observation d’une augmentation de l’activité de la GST au niveau de l’hépatopancréas et du rein. Les perturbations notées sont relativement plus significatives au niveau de l’hépatopancréas qu’au niveau du rein. Nos résultats montrent un état de stress oxydatif chez H. aspersa exprimé par le déclenchement du système de lutte contre le stress oxydatif à travers les biomarqueurs de cette réaction métabolique. Mots-clés : Helix aspersa, Silice fumée (SiO2), Nanoparticules, Stress oxydant

Résumé: Developmental effects of a binary mixture of nanoparticles (NPs) composed of Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) were identified in Daphnia magna using a chronic toxicity test.Survival, growth, reproduction, and age at first brood were measured throughout 21 days of exposure.Results from this study demonstrated that mixture exposure to NPs (TiO2 and Fe2O3) significantlyaffects the development of D. magna to maturation and disturbs the reproductive performance in adose-dependent manner and beginning from the lower dose. Mortality recorded in control group(1 ± 0.365) was significantly lower than in experimental groups (6.94 ± 0.193, 7.19 ± 0.188,7.62 ± 0.125, 7.62 ± 0.155 individual, in C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively). Moreover, swimmingperformances (F4, 35 = 112.9, df = 4, p < 0.0001) and heart rate (F4, 25 = 19.37, df = 4, p < 0.0001)were also affected. In conclusion, the interaction of binary mixtures can exacerbate toxicologicaleffects that have significant implications for appropriately assessing the ecotoxicological effects ofemerging pollutants. Further investigation and the results reported in the present study will be usefulin environmental policies.

Résumé: Introduction: Breast cancer is a complex disease caused by a variety of factors. Although substantial study has been conducted to uncover several risk factors, it is vital to emphasize that the causes extend beyond environmental impacts and include nutritional considerations. Objective: The purpose of this research is to look at the dietary factors that lead to the development of breast cancer in women living in Algeria's Annaba region. The study included 250 breast cancer patients and 363 healthy women as controls. The patients were drawn from the CLCC's medical oncology department (CHU Ibn Rochd) in the Annaba Wilaya, while the control group consisted of people who had never been diagnosed with cancer before. Results: the study's findings indicate that particular diets may contribute to the prevalence of this illness among women in the study area. These include the consumption of various types of bread, flour-based bread, wheat-based pasta, wheat-based galette, barley-based galette, rice, fruit and vegetables, dried fruit, olive oil, coffee and green tea, potatoes (fried/chips), various pastries, white sugar, and various types of chocolate. Conclusion: The link between breast cancer risk and dietary products has been established, although protective and specific risk factors warrant additional investigation. Keywords: Breast cancer, Risk factors, Dietary factors, Oncology.

Résumé: ABSTRACT: Introduction: Living organisms inhabiting soil are exposed to various fluctuations in abiotic factors, as well as chemical contamination of the environment due to anthropogenic activities. Consequently, these organisms have to cope with multiple disturbances. Small particles, especially nanoparticles, are increasingly incorporated into everyday consumer products and may even exist in the environment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) on Helix aspersa, a pollution bioindicator, and compare their effects Methods: The treatment involved the oral administration of increasing doses (1 mg/g, 2 mg/g, and 3 mg/g) of nano-TiO2 and micro-TiO2 in the diet for four weeks. The hepatopancreas was used to analyze variations through the exchange of primary metabolites (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and histological modifications. Results: The results indicated that both treatments caused a disruption of primary metabolite metabolism with a decrease in total carbohydrates and lipids, and an increase in total proteins. The increase in protein levels was higher in those treated with micro-TiO2. The histological study revealed that TiO2 NPs and MPs induced dose-dependent very serious tissue damage, including necrosis, degeneration of connective tissue and tubular membranes, inflammations, inflammatory infiltrates, and lysis of different tubular cells. Conclusions: Although the effects of nanoparticles are more pronounced than those of microparticles, it can be concluded that metal oxides are toxic substances that can induce metabolic disturbances, and their accumulation may lead to tissue damage.

Résumé: La tartrazine est un additif alimentaire azoïque largement utilisé dans les industries pharmaceutique, cosmétique, alimentaire et autres. Objectif. Evaluer les effets de la tartrazine sur l’attitude à se déplacer et à se nourrir et les altérations histologiques au niveau de l’appareil digestif et rénal, après un traitement aigu, sur un modèle biologique l’escargot Helix aspersa. Matériel et Méthodes. Les escargots ont été exposés par voie orale et par contact à la farine contaminée par ce colorant pendant 24 heures. Ils sont répartis en deux groupes de 20 animaux chacun. Le groupe témoin a été nourri avec de la farine seule et le groupe expérimental avec de la farine traitée à la tartrazine (200mg/g de farine). Résultats. L’observation du comportement a révélé des effets inhibiteurs de la tartrazine sur la locomotion et la nutrition des escargots. Dans un 2ème temps, l’examen histologique des intestins, de l’hépatopancréas et des reins des animaux traités a montré des structures tissulaires altérées avec une dégénérescence avancée des tubules digestifs, du tissu conjonctif et des fibres musculaires lisses des parois entourant les trois organes par rapport aux témoins. Conclusion. Cette étude suggère qu’une exposition aiguë à la tartrazine peut entraîner des troubles du comportement (locomoteur et nutritif), en plus des lésions tissulaires. Par conséquent, l’étude du comportement, appuyée par l’examen des altérations histologiques chez H. aspersa peuvent être utilisés comme des biomarqueurs potentiels d’exposition à d'autres colorants azoïques.