Résumé: Occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides, that induce oxidative damage may impair male fertility. The present study aims to compare the toxic effects of a chemical insecticide (Imidacloprid) against two bio-pesticides (Azadirachtin) and aqueous garlic extract on male fertility and oxidative stress parameters in Wistar male rats. Animals were divided into 7 groups, the G1 served as the control group. G2, G3, G4, and G5 were orally fed Aza dirachtin and Imidocloropid at 1/30 and 1/15 LD50, respectively. G6 and G7 were treated with 1/30 and 1/15 LD50 garlic aqueous extract for 6 weeks. The results showed a decrease in absolute testis mass in Imidocloropid and Azadirachtin-treated groups, and a significant decrease in testosterone level in Im idacloprid-treated groups compared to the control group. Sperm concentration, motility, viability, ve locity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency were all significantly lower in Imidacloprid treated groups. In addition, as com pared to the control group, these pesticides caused an increase in oxidative stress parameters such as MDA levels and a substantial decrease in GSH and GPx levels. Thus, we suggested that the bio-insecticide Azadirachtin was not strictly safe, and the aqueous garlic extract was less toxic than the two insecticides regarding its negative effects on male reproductive and oxidative stress parameters.

Résumé: Introduction: The aim of this study is to throw light on the possible protective effect of pomegranate juice (GJ) (Punica granatum L) after experimental oral administration of fungicide Thiophanate Methyl (TM) and its effects on sperm quality, of male healthy Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy adult male Wistar rats were divided into 03 groups. Group 1: control, Group 2: treated with Thiophanate Methyl (TM) (150 mg / kg) and Group 3: Treated with Thiophanate Methyl + pomegranate juice (GJ) (150 mg/kg + 1.5 ml). The method used for the treatment is oral gavage daily, for 60 days. The reproductive organs that were collected were weighed, and the epididymis and testis were used for further evaluations (count, viability, motility of spermatozoa), we also conducted histological tests for testis and epididymis. Results: The results showed that the treatment with Thiophante Methyl induced a decrease in concentration, motility, and viability of spermatozoa while the treatment of rats with fungicide associated with the grenade juice restored the concentration and the mobility of spermatozoa. Conclusion: Thiophanate Methyl (TM) caused structural changes in the epididymis and testes inducing a decrease in sperm quality, which would interfere with its function and contribute to infertility. On the other

Résumé: The present study investigated the toxic effect of a mixture of three pesticides (cypermethrin, mancozeb, and metalaxyl) on reproduction and oxidative stress parameters in male Wistar rats. Animals were treated at doses 1/60, 1/30, and 1/10 LD50 of each pesticide daily in the diet for 08 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed by decapitation. The results indicate a decrease in the absolute weight of testes and epididymis, the serum of testosterone hormone, and cholesterol levels. These parameters were significant reduced in males exposed to the mixed pesticides. A reduction in sperm concentration, motility, and viability also was observed. Besides, the ingestion of mixed pesticides at all three concentrations caused a significant decrease in GSH, GPx levels and an increase in MDA levels compared to the control group. This was accompanied by histopathological changes in testis and epididymis of rats such as seminiferous tubules degeneration, decreasing number of spermatogenic cells, edema, expansion of interstitial spaces, cell necrosis, and reducing the diameter of the epididymal tube compared to the control group. Thus, we strongly suggest that the mixture of pesticides causes damages to the male reproductive system.

Résumé: Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically active compounds with therapeutic properties that, over time, have been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrin-induced toxicity. Methods: 30 male rats weighing approximately 240 g were divided into equal six groups; the control group received tap water, the positive control received the aqueous extract of sage leaves (SLE) at a dose of (0.5g/kg bw), the groups treated with cypermethrin (Cyp1) at 8.33 mg/kg bw and (Cyp2) at 25 mg/kg bw, and the groups treated by cypermethrin combined with aqueous extract of sage SLE+Cyp1 (0.5g/kg bw+8.33 mg/kg bw) and SLE+Cyp2 (0.5g/kg bw+25 mg/kg bw) for four days/week. After 4 weeks of oral administration, epididymal seminal fluid was analyzed via the CASA system, in addition to the histological study testis and epididymis. Results: The obtained results showed a decrease in the absolute weight of the reproductive organs, with a significant decrease in sperm concentration, motility and speed in the cypermethrin-treated group compared to the control. Histological study of the testes and epididymis indicates an alteration in the stages of spermatogenesis in groups Cyp1 and Cyp2 compared to the control. However, the above-mentioned parameters were maintained almost normal in the groups that received the aqueous extract of sage with both doses of cypermethrin. Conclusion: it can be demonstrated that SLE has been shown to protect rats from cypermethrin-induced reprotoxicity.

Résumé: This study investigates the effects of fungicide Chlorothalonil (Ch) on some renal biochemical parameters, as well as the histological changes that affect kidneys of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into three groups; the first one was served as a control, the second and the third were respectively given two doses of Chlorothalonil at 60 and 180 mg/body weight/day by gavages for 4 weeks. The obtained results indicated a slight increase in the absolute weight of kidneys of the treated animals. The biochemical parameters of the treated groups revealed an increase of urea and creatinine concentrations compared to the control. Serum uric acid level demonstrated a significant decrease in animals received the fungicide. The microphotography of kidney of the treated rats showed certain alteration appeared as a peritubular inflammatory reaction, necrosis, cell desquamation, and degeneration of the epithelium of all distal tubules as compared to the control.

Résumé: he present study has been carried out to elucidate the toxic effects of two commonly used pesticides, propiconazole, propineb and their mixture on reproductive parameters in male wistar rats. Twenty eight male rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received propiconazole 60 mg/Kg, Propineb 100 mg/Kg and their mixture 30 mg/kg Propiconazole + 50 mg/kg Propineb, respectively, while those of group one served as control , and that throughout the 4 weeks experimental period. Animals were observed for clinical toxicity. At the end of treatment, all groups of animals were scarified and samples of different organs were fixed in the formol 10% for histopathological study. The semen study showed a decrease in the count and mobility of spermatozoa, accompanied with a significant decrease in morphological changes of flagellum in the treated groups especially with mixture compared to control group. It was also a decrease in the weight of the testis and epididymis in the treated groups compared to the control. Histological changes were observed in the testis and epididymis in all treated groups. In conclusion this paper shows clearly that the treatment with these pesticides alone or in combination for 4 weeks can induce a decrease in the quality of the sperm with histopathological changes in the testes and epididymis

Résumé: The purpose of this study is to determine the toxic effects of fungicide Methyl Thiophanate (MT) on fertility and testes histopathology in male domestic rabbits. Methyl Thiophanate is a carbamate fungicide of Benzimidazol family. Mature rabbits were divided into four groups. The first is the control one, while the other three groups are orally treated by Methyl Thiophanate (MT) with daily doses of 50,100 and 150 mg/kg/day of body weight for four weeks. On day 31 of the experiment, the animals were weighed and sacrificed. The testosterone level was measured. Biological study of spermatozoa was performed,and the histology study was carried out. The obtained results show that MT altered fertility in male rabbit by reduction inquantity and qualityof spermatozoa (concentration motility, speed and viability).A reduction in testosterone level and atrophy in testes and epididymis were observedin the treated animals with MT as compared to the control group.

Résumé: In order to evaluate the effect of the fertilizers NPK on healthy of employees in the work place. A study has been carried out on 34 workers of storage and distribution agricultural manures, exposed to fertilizers and phosphate and nitrate derivatives. The workers were divided into two groups according to age. Several biochemical parameters assay were measured. The obtained data reveal that it was no difference in the serum glucose level between the exposed and the control group. An increase in serum TGP and creatinine levels has been recorded in the exposed group as compared to the unexposed populations considered as control.

Résumé: The complex storage and distribution of agricultural fertilizers manufactured phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers operated by farmers to increase crop production and the national economy. Mineral fertilizers NPK contained nitrate, phosphate and potassium are manufactured under conditions of bad hygiene which workers are exposed to workplace by inhalation at several toxic agents such as phosphate and nitrate derivatives. In front these conditions, we focused on the study of risk associated with the handling of fertilizers at the NPK unit to determine their potential effects on some lipid and hormonal parameters. A study was conducted on 34 employees of the complex, especially exposed to nitrate and phosphate derivatives. The employers' group was divided into two groups according to age. Blood Take during the medical visit, be allowed for the determination of lipid parameters, prolactin and FSH. The results of the lipid parameters, prolactin and FSH are within physiological norms.

Résumé: The effect of the anticoagulant rodenticide “Brodifacoum” on the bioindincators parameters inmale domestic rabbits was investigated. Animals were dividedintofourequal groups. The first one served as a control while the otherthree groups weredaily treated by Brodifacoumwithdoses of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg of body weight. The rodenticide was administered per os for three weeks after which the animals were sacrificed. The obtained results reveal animportant decrease in body weight in treated groupsparticularly in those treated with the highest dose (0.04 mg/kg), whilean increase in the weight of liver was observed, associated with a marked reduction in the weight of spleen and kidney, compared to thecontrol one. Besides, levels of biochemical parameters were also significantly altered. The same observations were made concerning hematological parameters and plasmatic calcium levels in treated animals. Accordingly, it has been concluded thattreatment with Brodifacoum at the used doses and period may alter hematological and biochemical parameters in male rabbits.

Résumé: Cette étude a pour objectif l’évaluation des effets toxiques sur le lapin du Manèbe, un fongicide dithiocarbamate. Les doses (2, 3, 5 et 8 mg/kg/j) sont administrées par gavage durant 5 semaines. Le poids corporel est évalué toutes les 48 heures. Les résultats indiquent : a- une augmentation de la masse corporelle des lapins traités par rapport aux témoins, b- une augmentation plasmatique des paramètres biochimiques suivants : triglycérides, glucose et cholestérol, c- une diminution de la masse des reins et des testicules avec la dose la plus élevée, d- une augmentation de la masse du foie chez les animaux traités avec 3, 5 et 8 mg/kg/j, e- une diminution très significative du nombre, de la vitesse et de la mobilité des spermatozoïdes accompagnée d’une augmentation du nombre des gamètes malformés chez les groupes traités à la dose la plus élevée. Mots-clés : Manèbe, toxicité, lapin, thyroïde, spermatozoïdes.

Résumé: Dithiocarbamate are widely used as fungicides because of their efficacy against a broad spectrum of fungi and their associated plant diseases. Maneb is one of Ethylenebisdithiocarabamate (EBDCs). Males domestic rabbits received (by gavage) 2, 3, 5 and 8 mg/kg body weight of maneb, for a period of 5 weeks. Total body weights were measured at 48 h interals. At the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrified and some of organs such as, liver, testes, spleen and the kidney were weighted. The obtained data reveal that the used fungicide induces a remarkable increase in body weight of all the treated animals, particularly with the higher dose as compared with control group. An increase in plasma triglycerides, glucose and of cholesterol levels has been recorded. Moreover, a reduction in the weight of kidneys and testes in animals receiving 5 and 8 mg/kg, while a remarkable increase in the weight of the liver has been observed. Thyroxin concentrations underwent a significant reduction in treated individuals. A very significant reduction in, the number, speed and mobility of spermatozoa accompanied with a high ratio of spermatozoa deformation in the treated groups was noticed. In conclusion, administration of maneb causes thyroid pathology and affects the biology of sperms with histological deformation of testes.

Résumé: Dithiocarbamate are widely used as fungicides because of their efficacy against a broad spectrum of fungi and their associated plant diseases. Maneb is one of Ethylenebisdithiocarabamate (EBDCs). Males domestic rabbits received (by gavage) 2, 3, 5 and 8 mg/kg body weight of maneb, for a period of 5 weeks. Total body weights were measured at 48 h interals. At the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrified and some of organs such as, liver, testes, spleen and the kidney were weighted. The obtained data reveal that the used fungicide induces a remarkable increase in body weight of all the treated animals, particularly with the higher dose as compared with control group. An increase in plasma triglycerides, glucose and of cholesterol levels has been recorded. Moreover, a reduction in the weight of kidneys and testes in animals receiving 5 and 8 mg/kg, while a remarkable increase in the weight of the liver has been observed. Thyroxin concentrations underwent a significant reduction in treated individuals. A very significant reduction in, the number, speed and mobility of spermatozoa accompanied with a high ratio of spermatozoa deformation in the treated groups was noticed. In conclusion, administration of maneb causes thyroid pathology and affects the biology of sperms with histological deformation of testes.

Résumé: The purpose of this study is to determine the toxic effects of fungicide Methyl Thiophanate (MT) on fertility and testes histopathology in male domestic rabbits. Methyl Thiophanate is a carbamate fungicide of Benzimidazol family. Mature rabbits were divided into four groups. The first is the control one, while the other three groups are orally treated by Methyl Thiophanate (MT) with daily doses of 50,100 and 150 mg/kg/day of body weight for four weeks. On day 31 of the experiment, the animals were weighed and sacrificed. The testosterone level was measured. Biological study of spermatozoa was performed,and the histology study was carried out. The obtained results show that MT altered fertility in male rabbit by reduction inquantity and qualityof spermatozoa (concentration motility, speed and viability).A reduction in testosterone level and atrophy in testes and epididymis were observedin the treated animals with MT as compared to the control group.

Résumé: In order to evaluate the effect of the fertilizers NPK on healthy of employees in the work place. A study has been carried out on 34 workers of storage and distribution agricultural manures, exposed to fertilizers and phosphate and nitrate derivatives. The workers were divided into two groups according to age. Several biochemical parameters assay were measured. The obtained data reveal that it was no difference in the serum glucose level between the exposed and the control group. An increase in serum TGP and creatinine levels has been recorded in the exposed group as compared to the unexposed populations considered as control.

Résumé: The complex storage and distribution of agricultural fertilizers manufactured phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers operated by farmers to increase crop production and the national economy. Mineral fertilizers NPK contained nitrate, phosphate and potassium are manufactured under conditions of bad hygiene which workers are exposed to workplace by inhalation at several toxic agents such as phosphate and nitrate derivatives. In front these conditions, we focused on the study of risk associated with the handling of fertilizers at the NPK unit to determine their potential effects on some lipid and hormonal parameters. A study was conducted on 34 employees of the complex, especially exposed to nitrate and phosphate derivatives. The employers' group was divided into two groups according to age. Blood Take during the medical visit, be allowed for the determination of lipid parameters, prolactin and FSH. The results of the lipid parameters, prolactin and FSH are within physiological norms.

Résumé: Cette recherche a pour objectif de comparer l’impact toxique de l’Azoxystrobine (Azo), un fongicide chimique largement utilisé dans l’agriculture à l’échelle mondiale, avec celui de d’ail, qui est un Biofongicide, en se basant sur les indicateurs de la fonction hépatique chez les rats Wistar mâles. L’étude a été menée sur 40 rats pubères répartis en 5 groupes de 8 individus. Le groupe T0 a servi de groupe témoin. Les groupes T1 et T2 ont été traités avec l’extrait aqueux d’ail, tandis que les groupes T3 et T4 ont reçu de l’Azoxystrobine via leur alimentation, respectivement aux doses correspondant à (1/15, 1/30) de la DL50 pour chaque fongicide, sur une période de six semaines. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que l’Azo a entraîné une augmentation significative du poids du foie chez les groupes exposés, en comparaison avec le groupe témoin. Par ailleurs, les activités enzymatiques d’alanine aminotransférases, d’aspartate aminotransférases et la phosphatase alcaline ont montré une élévation significative chez les groupes T » et T4 par rapport au groupe de rats témoins (T0). À l’inverse, une diminution significative du taux d’albumine a été observée dans les groupes ayant reçu l’Azo par rapport au groupe non traité (T0). Aucun changement n’a été observé dans les résultats du taux de l’activité enzymatique chez les deux groupes traités par l’extrait aqueux de l’ail sauf au groupe traité par la forte dose. En conclusion, cette étude a démontré que l’Azoxystrobine provoque des perturbations beaucoup plus importantes des marqueurs de la fonction hépatique que l’extrait aqueux d’ail chez les rats soumis aux traitement.

Résumé: Le présent travail vise à étudier les risques liés à la manipulation des engrais sur la santé des travailleurs, notamment la fertilité. Ce travail a été mené au sein de l’unité NPK (Nitrate, Phosphate, Potassium) au niveau du complexe de stockage et de distribution des engrais agricoles pendant deux années 2010 et 2011. Il a été pris en considération seulement les 34 sur 57 travailleurs ayant au minimum 5 ans d'ancienneté. Le questionnaire utilisé a été inspiré selon le modèle de l’unité de la reproduction de Toulouse. Il a été rempli par le médecin de travail de l'unité, afin d’avoir plus d’informations socioprofessionnelles sur la population étudiée. Les groupes des employés ont été répartis en deux groupes selon l'ancienneté. Un prélèvement sanguin a été réalisé pour doser la testostérone. Les résultats du questionnaire révèlent des problèmes de fertilité avec une différence non significative dans la concentration de la testostérone chez les groupes des employés comparés au groupe non exposé. Des irritations cutanées et surdité ont été observées surtout chez le groupe le plus ancien. Mots clés engrais, santé des travailleurs, risque, fertilité

Résumé: Ce manuel est le fruit de l'expérience pédagogique de vingt-neuf ans d'enseignements de première année du cycle des études médicales à la faculté de médecine d'Annaba en Algérie. Structuré selon le programme ministériel en neuf chapitres, en commençant par l'introduction à l'étude de l'histologie puis les 4 grandes familles de tissus: l'épithélium, le tissu conjonctif, le tissu musculaire et le tissu nerveux. Ceci concerne en réalité la base de l'enseignement du Module d'Histologie générale descriptive humaine en s'appuyant sur un texte concis. Celui-ci comporte de nombreux schémas clairs et pertinents, ainsi que des photographies exceptionnelles issues de d'une synthèse bibliographique de cours et ouvrages sur l'histologie générale. En résumé, ce document doit conduire les étudiants de 1ère Année du cycle médical à mieux appréhender l'histologie.

Résumé: L'ouvrage "Histologie générale humaine" est destiné aux étudiants de la première année médecine. C'est un cours complet qui comporte toutes les notions du programme, des schémas et des illustrations qui facilites aux étudiants de comprendre les connaissances de bases (structure et fonction) de chaque tissu de l'organisme.

Résumé: Occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides, that induce oxidative damage may impair male fertility. The present study aims to compare the toxic effects of a chemical insecticide (Imidacloprid) against two bio-pesticides (Azadirachtin) and aque-ous garlic extract on male fertility and oxidative stress parameters in Wistar male rats. Animals were divided into 7 groups, the G1 served as the control group. G2, G3, G4, and G5 were orally fed Aza-dirachtin and Imidocloropid at 1/30 and 1/15 LD50, respectively. G6 and G7 were treated with 1/30 and 1/15 LD50 garlic aqueous extract for 6 weeks. The results showed a decrease in absolute testis mass in Imidocloropid and Azadirachtin-treated groups, and a significant decrease in testosterone level in Im-idacloprid-treated groups compared to the control group. Sperm concentration, motility, viability, velocity , amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency were all significantly lower in Imidacloprid treated groups. In addition, as compared to the control group, these pesticides caused an increase in oxidative stress parameters such as MDA levels and a substantial decrease in GSH and GPx levels. Thus, we suggested that the bio-insecticide Azadirachtin was not strictly safe, and the aqueous garlic extract was less toxic than the two insecticides regarding its negative effects on male reproductive and oxidative stress parameters.

Résumé: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of the extract aqueous of garlic and one of the most used insecticide in east of Algeria, Imadoclopride on reproduction parameters. 40 adult male rats Wistar were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats in each one .G1 is the control group, the groups G2, G3 and G4 and G5 were exposed to with the 1/30 and 1/15 of LD 50 respectively to the insecticide Imidaclopride and aqueous of garlic in the diet for 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed. The right testis and epididymis excised and weighed. Sperm was collected from the cauda epididymis for the assessment of the sperm concentration, vitality and mobility of spermatozoa, which carried out by Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA). The results were compared between different treatment groups; by one way by the t-student test, to compare each treated group to the control. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in weight of testis and epididymis in treated groups with the chemical insecticide Imidaclopride. A significant reduction in the sperm concentration, motility, and viability also was observed in the treated groups with Imadoclopride to the control no signicant change was observed in the groups treated with the aqueous extract of garlic. Thus, we suggest that the chemical insecticide Imidoclopride causes more damages then the natural product, extract of garlic on the male reproductive parameters in the rat.

Résumé: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of the extract aqueous of garlic and one of the most used insecticide in east of Algeria, Imadoclopride on reproduction parameters. 40 adult male rats Wistar were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats in each one .G1 is the control group, the groups G2, G3 and G4 and G5 were exposed to with the 1/30 and 1/15 of LD 50 respectively to the insecticide Imidaclopride and aqueous of garlic in the diet for 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed. The right testis and epididymis excised and weighed. Sperm was collected from the cauda epididymis for the assessment of the sperm concentration, vitality and mobility of spermatozoa, which carried out by Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA). The results were compared between different treatment groups; by one way by the t-student test, to compare each treated group to the control. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in weight of testis and epididymis in treated groups with the chemical insecticide Imidaclopride. A significant reduction in the sperm concentration, motility, and viability also was observed in the treated groups with Imadoclopride to the control no signicant change was observed in the groups treated with the aqueous extract of garlic. Thus, we suggest that the chemical insecticide Imidoclopride causes more damages then the natural product, extract of garlic on the male reproductive parameters in the rat

Résumé: Introduction: Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) as Propinebiswidely used in plant diseases control.This study aims to evaluate the toxic effect of this fungicide on the thyroid and testicular activity of male rats.Material and methods: Rats were divided equally into three groups; the control, and two treated groups treated with Propineb mixed with the diet at the doses of 1/90 (group 2) and 1/60 LD50 (group 3), respectively for 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were sacrificed, and the organs and blood were releveled. In addition, the histological profiles of thyroid, testis, and epididymis, the serum triglycerides, glucose, and cholesterol were evaluated. Results: Data showed a significant increase in total body weight particularly in the high dose, accompanied by a significant decrease in testicular and epididymis weight. A remarkable elevation of triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were observed also in treated animals with the high dose. However, the histological examinations indicate alterations in the architecture of the testis, epididymis, and thyroid of the treated rats. Conclusion: We think that the repeated administration of the used fungicide Propinebacts as an endocrine disruptor has caused severe disorders in the hormonal system by affecting the activity of the thyroid and the reproductive parameters.

Résumé: Intoduction Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) as Propinebis widely used in plant diseases control. This study aims to evaluate the toxic effect of this fungicide on the thyroid and testicular activity of male rats.Introduction: Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) as Propinebis widely used in plant diseases control. This study aims to evaluate the toxic effect of this fungicide on the thyroid and testicular activity of male rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided equally into three groups; the control, and two treated groups treated with Propineb mixed with the diet at the doses of 1/90 (group 2) and 1/60 LD50 (group 3), respectively for 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were sacrificed, and the organs and blood were releveled. In addition, the histological profiles of thyroid, testis, and epididymis, the serum triglycerides, glucose, and cholesterol were evaluated. and immediately testis, epididymis and thyroid were taken out for further study. Blood was collected. Samples of testes and epididymis were placed in the formol 10% for histological study. These sections were then stained with Hematoxylin–Eosin (H-E), and then samples were photographed using a Leica photomicroscope. Results: Data showed a significant increase in total body weight particularly in the high dose, accompanied by a significant decrease in testicular and epididymis weight. A remarkable elevation of triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were observed also in treated animals with the high dose. However, the histological examinations indicate alterations in the architecture of the testis, epididymis, and thyroid of the treated rats. Conclusion: We think that the repeated administration of the used fungicide Propineb acts as an endocrine disruptor has caused severe disorders in the hormonal system by affecting the activity and histological structure of the thyroid and the reproductive parameters.

Résumé: Introduction: The present study aims to evaluate the toxic effects of three used pesticides as a mixture, Tebuconazole, Abamectin and Maneb from the triazole, avermectins and dithiocarbamates, families respectively, and to determine the toxic effect on reproduction and oxi-dative stress parameters.Materials and Methods: 30 adult male rats Wistar were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats in each one. G1 is the con-trol group, the 2 other groups G2 and G3 were exposed respectively to mixture of pesticides in the diet with doses respectively (1/30.1/60) of the LD 50 of each pesticide for 8 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed. The right testis and epididymis excised and weighed. Blood and semen were collected. The right tes-tis was frozen for sperm production and determination of oxidative stress parameters.Results: The results of oxidative stress parameters showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) associated with a decrease in glutathione (GSH) in the tis-sues studied (liver, epididymis and testes). A reduction in sperm concentration, motility, and viability also was ob-served in the treated groups as compared to the control Conclusion: We suggest that the mixture of pesticides causes damages to the male reproductive systemin the rat

Résumé: Occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides, that induce oxidative damage may impair male fertility. The present study aims to compare the toxic effects of a chemical insecticide (Imidacloprid) against two bio-pesticides (Azadirachtin) and aqueous garlic extract on male fertility and oxidative stress parameters in Wistar male rats. Animals were divided into 7 groups, the G1 served as the control roup. G2, G3, G4, and G5 were orally fed Azadirachtin and Imidocloropid at 1/30 and 1/15 LD50, respectively. G6 and G7 were treated with 1/30 and 1/15 LD50 garlic aqueous extract for 6 weeks. The results showed a decrease in absolute testis mass in Imidocloropid and Azadirachtin-treated groups, and a significant decrease in testosterone level in Imidacloprid-treated groups compared to the control group. Sperm concentration, motility, viability, velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency were all significantly lower in Imidacloprid treated groups. In addition, as compared to the control group, these pesticides caused an increase in oxidative stress parameters such as MDA levels and a substantial decrease in GSH and GPx levels. Thus, we suggested that the bio-insecticide Azadirachtin was not strictly safe, and the aqueous garlic extract was less toxic than the two insecticides regarding its negative effects on male reproductive and oxidative stress parameters.

Résumé: This work aims to evaluate the effects of an insecticide, chlorpyrifos of the organophosphorus family, on some biochemical and histological parameters of some organs of mammals. The study was performed on male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups; the control and two groups treated at a rate of 0.00185 and 0.00286 mg/ml chlorpyrifos /kg per diet for 6 weeks. The results showed a significant increase in the concentration of cholesterols, triglycerides, glucose and total proteins. In addition, the histological study of the liver revealed a dilatation of the lumen of the centrilobular vein and swelling of the tissue resulting in a loss of trabecular architecture. Regarding reproduction, a reduction in the light of the seminiferous tubes and disappearance of the space between the different cells of spermatogenesis with more severe disorganization of the epithelial architecture, leading a decrease in the sperm count and degenerence of testicular tissue. To conclude, the reproductive profile was the most affected by chlorpyrifos.

Résumé: Ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) as Propineb are heavily used in plant diseases control. and they are metabolized to ethylene Thiourea (ETU) wich is known to cause a decrease in the level of thyroxine, an increase of (TSH) in rodents. This study aims to evaluate the toxic effect of the used fungicide on thyroid activity and histopathological effect on the target organs by pesticides. The different groups of animals (7 in each one) was treated with Propineb by doses 1/20 of LD50 and 1/50 LD50 in the diet for 6 weeks with the control group. The results showed an increase in body weight particularly with the higher dose as compared to control group. A perturbation in the the biochemicals parameters in the traeted animals was noticed as compared to the control group. The weight of testis and epidydim decrease significantly. However, the histological examination indicates many alterations in the testis, epidydim and thyroid in the traited rats as compared to the control. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the administration of propineb with the used doses after 6 weeks causes thyroid alteration associated with a perturbation in the biochemicals parameters and affects histological deformation of the studied organs in the treated groups as compared to the control.

Résumé: Le chlorothalonil est un fongicides appartenant à la famille des Isophtalonitriles classé comme cancérigène probable chez l'humain. Ce travail vise à évaluer les risques d‟un fongicide sur quelques paramètres hématologiques et le poids des organes cibles chez le rat Wistar. Les expérimentations ont été effectuées sur 21 rats mâles. Les animaux ont été répartis en groupe témoin et deux groupes traités au Chlorothalonil aux doses (60, 180 mg/kg/j)pendant 4 semaines. par voie de gavage. A la fin de la période de traitement, les rats ont été sacrifiés par décapitation.Le sang est recueilli dans des tubes EDTA pour le dosage des paramètres hématologiques globules rouges, hémoglobine, hématocrite, globules blancs, et lymphocytes, Après dissection des animaux, le foie, le rein, la rate et les testicules sont prélevés et pesés à laide dune balance de précision. Nos résultats révèlent une augmentation dans la masse du foie, la rate et le rein par contre une diminution du poids des testicules des groupes traités comparé au groupe témoin. Les résultats des paramètres hématologiques indiquent une diminution des globules rouges, de l‟hémoglobine, et de l‟hématocrite. Par contre, une augmentation des globules blancs et des lymphocytes toujours chez les animaux traités comparé au groupe témoin.

Résumé: Les risques pour la santé des pesticides font l objet de nombreux débats. De nombreux troubles de la reproduction sont aujourd hui suspectés d être la conséquence de l exposition à ces substances. Dans ce contexte notre travail porte sur l'étude de l'effet toxique de deux fongicides et de leur mélange sur la fertilité chez le rat male Wistar. 28 rats ont été répartis en quatre groupes,dont un groupe témoin. Les rats ont été traités quotidiennement aux Propiconazole et Propineb par gavage aux doses 60 et 100 mg/kg/p.c et au mélange des deux produits 30 mg/kg/p.c de propiconazole et 50mg/kg/p.c de propineb durant 4 semaines. Les résultats montrent une diminution significative de la masse des testicules et de l épididyme chez les groupes traités par rapport au groupe non traité. L‟examen du spermogramme de l‟étude de la biologie des spermatozoïdes a démontré une diminution dans la concentration et la mobilité et une augmentation du taux spermatozoïdes malformés chez rats traités par rapport au groupe témoin. Notre étude montre aussi que l‟administration des deux fongicides et de leur mélange a provoqué une diminution importante du taux de glutathion réduit (GSH) et de la glutathion peroxydase (GPx) dans les testicules chez les différents groupes traités.

Résumé: This study aims to evaluate the toxic effects of the xenobiotic Methyl Thiophanate (MT) on fertility, biochemical and hormonal parameters with the histology examination of some organs in the male rabbits. The different groups of animals (6 in each group) was treated with MT by doses (50, 100 and 150 mg / kg) for 4 weeks by orally system, with a control group. The most important results have revealed that the fungicide methyl thiophante may induce reprotoxic effects, as shown by the decrease in the indicators of male fertility (count, motility, speed and viability of sperm) associated with a decrease in testosterone level in the treated groups compared with the control one. The results of biochemical parameters revealed a perturbation in the levels of glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, uric acid in treated groups with MT. Concerning the histological study the results show that the treatment with the used doses of MT caused damage in testis, hepatocyte and renal tissue. In conclusion, the treatment with the fungicide MT in the same experimental conditions may affect many biological markers especially the fertility in male rabbits.

Résumé: La toxicité des fongicides est reconnue dans la plupart des espèces animales, et entraine des perturbations tant sur le plan morphologique et histologique, qu‟enzymatique et hormonal. Cette étude porte sur l‟évaluation de la toxicité du fongicide le plus utilisé dans le domaine de ‟agriculture, Thiophanate Methyl sur quelques paramètres hématologiques chez le lapin male domestique. Le produit est administré aux lapins pubères par voie de gavage aux concentrations croissantes 50, 100 et 150 mg/kg/ml pendant 4 semaines. Nos résultats montrent une diminution significative dans le taux des globules rouge, les globules blancs et l‟hémoglobine, et une augmentation non significative dans le taux de l‟hématocrite chez les groupes traité par 50et100 mg/kg/ml avec une diminution significative chez le groupe traité par 150 mg/kg/ml, comparé au témoin. En conclusion, Les résultats obtenus montrent que le Thiophanate Méthyl provoque une perturbation au niveau des paramètres hématologiques chez les lapins traité.

Résumé: The main objective of this work was to study the effect of a widely used fungicide Propiconazole on fertility in the rabbits Oryctologus cuniculus. The treatment was made in food with two doses 1 and 5 mg/ml/kg of the food /day for 15 days. Summarizing the finding, it can be established that the administration of Propiconazole in the treated groups as compared with control groups caused a reduction in the weight of testes with increase in the weight of the liver. The present experiment reported a very significant reduction in the number, vitality and mobility in the treated spermatozoa. In conclusion, Administration of propiconazole affects the biology of sperms

Résumé: The main objective of this work was to study the effect of a widely used fungicide Propiconazole on fertility in the rabbits Oryctologus cuniculus. The treatment was made in food with two doses 1 and 5 mg/ml/kg of the food /day for 15 days. Summarizing the finding, it can be established that the administration of Propiconazole in the treated groups as compared with control groups caused a reduction in the weight of testes with increase in the weight of the liver. The present experiment reported a very significant reduction in the number, vitality and mobility in the treated spermatozoa. In conclusion, Administration of propiconazole affects the biology of sperms